Introduction

From October 31 to November 12, 2021, the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Glasgow, Scotland, known as COP26 (Conference of the Parties). It was one of the most significant meetings since the Paris Agreement, bringing together leaders from nearly every country, environmentalists, civil society activists, scientists, and representatives from the private sector.

The aim of the conference was to evaluate the progress countries had made in combating climate change and to set new goals to ensure that the global average temperature increase does not exceed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

The Glasgow Climate Pact – Main Agreement

One of the most important outcomes of COP26 was the Glasgow Climate Pact, which was officially adopted by the participating countries. Although the agreement is not legally binding, it carries significant political and moral weight. For the first time in an international climate document, there was a direct mention of the need to “phase down” coal power, which had long been one of the most sensitive topics.

According to the agreement:

  • Countries must review and strengthen their climate commitments and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030;
  • Mechanisms must be developed to compensate for damage caused by climate change, especially for developing countries that suffer the most;
  • Financial support must continue for low-income countries so they can implement environmental projects and adaptation measures.

Methane Emission Reduction Agreement

Special attention in Glasgow was given to reducing methane emissions. Over 100 countries signed an agreement aimed at reducing global methane emissions by 30% by 2030. Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases, with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a short time frame.

However, some major emitters like China, India, and Russia did not join the agreement, despite being significant sources of methane.

Forest Protection and Halting Deforestation

One of the most ambitious agreements in Glasgow concerned forest protection. More than 100 countries, including Brazil and Indonesia (which previously rejected such deals), pledged to halt mass deforestation by 2030 and expand reforestation programs.

The agreement was also supported by the private sector, including major banking and agricultural companies, which pledged not to fund projects that lead to deforestation.

Limiting Coal Use

One of the most contentious issues at COP26 was the future of coal energy. Initially, the draft text called for a "phase-out" of coal, but at the insistence of India and China, the wording was changed to "phase-down", which many viewed as a disappointment.

Nevertheless, the mere inclusion of coal in an international climate agreement was seen as a symbolically important step, reflecting a shift in global attitudes.

Climate Finance – Promise vs. Reality

A major topic in Glasgow was financial support for developing countries, which are the most affected by the negative impacts of climate change. As early as 2009, developed countries pledged to provide $100 billion annually for climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. However, this amount has not yet been fully delivered.

At the summit, this commitment was reaffirmed, and an initiative was introduced to increase funding by 2025, covering both mitigation and adaptation measures.

Technological Transformation and Private Sector Involvement

Another key focus of the summit was the promotion of technological innovation and the active involvement of the private sector. Many technology companies and investors introduced initiatives to:

  • Create new funds for renewable energy;
  • Lower the cost of electric vehicles and increase their share in the transportation sector;
  • Develop energy storage and distribution systems.

Additionally, the "Glasgow Breakthrough Agenda" was launched, aiming to make clean energy, sustainable agriculture, and green transport accessible to all by 2030.

Criticism and Challenges

Despite numerous positive initiatives, COP26 faced criticism from both civil society and experts:

  • The agreements often include vague and non-specific language;
  • There is a lack of clear monitoring and enforcement mechanisms;
  • There are insufficient legal obligations to ensure implementation;
  • Wealthy countries have still failed to fully meet their financial commitments.